The worst airline tragedy in world history, in terms of fatalities, is the Tenerife airport disaster, which occurred on March 27, 1977.

In this horrific incident, 583 people were killed when two Boeing 747 jumbo jets, KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, collided on a foggy runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport) in the Canary Islands, Spain.

The collision was primarily caused by a series of miscommunications between the KLM flight crew and air traffic control, coupled with dense fog that severely limited visibility. The KLM plane initiated takeoff without proper clearance, directly colliding with the Pan Am plane that was still taxiing on the same runway. 

This disaster led to significant changes in international aviation regulations, particularly in standardised English phrases for air traffic control and improved crew resource management in cockpits, all aimed at preventing such miscommunications from happening again.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_airport_disaster

https://skybrary.aero/accidents-and-incidents/b742-b741-tenerife-canary-islands-spain-1977

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